INTRODUCTION:

It is believed that medicinal plants play an important role in the healthcare system due to their secondary metabolites, organic compounds synthesized by plants^1,2. These metabolites make plant extracts promising materials for the development of new pharmaceuticals. Recently, polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins in plants have been reported to possess numerous beneficial bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects^3,4,5. The growing interest in medicinal plants for healthcare and industrial purposes has brought Carissa carandas Linn to the forefront. This versatile plant has a long-standing history in traditional medicine and serves as a source of food, natural dyes, and bioactive compounds⁶. This review seeks to provide an integrated perspective on uses, chemical composition, biological properties and antidiabetic potential of Carissa carandas Linn.

Taxonomical Classification: Carissa carandas L.^6,^7,8

Table 1: Taxonomical Classification of Carissa carandas L.

Botanical Name	Karonda (Hindi), Bengal Currant (English), Karaunda (Marathi), Karanda (Tamil)
Local Name	Karvand
Kingdom	Plantae
Order	Gentianales
Class	Angiosperms
Family	Apocynaceae
Genus	Carissa
Species	C. carandas

Figure 1: Carissa carandus Linn

Geographical Source:

Carissa carandas L., a resilient, evergreen, and spiny shrub belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is indigenous to India and southeastern Bangladesh. It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, flourishing in regions with high temperatures. South Asia, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri-Lanka, and Malaysia.

Climate: The plant grows well in tropical and subtropical climates. It grows well in arid areas with high temperatures. Heavy rainfall and soggy places can hamper the plant's development. The plant does not grow well in climates with high frost and snowfall temperatures.

Soil: The plant thrives in a broad range of soils, including sandy loams, laterites, alluvial sand, and calcareous soil. Alluvial sandy loamy soil with adequate drainage produces a better yield and optimal development^6,9,46,48.

Morphology:

A big evergreen shrub with a short stem that is glabrous except for the influorescence; the bark is light grey and scaly; the branchlets are typically opposite and have thin strong pointed horizontal glabrous spines 2.5-3.8cm long at their base; the branches are normally spineless. Leaves are 3.8-7.5 by 2.5-5cm, coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, obtuse, and frequently briefly mucronate. glabrous and glossy, with a subacute base; petioles 3-6mm in length. White, hardly odorous flowers in glabrous terminal corymbose cymes with peduncles that are typically 6–20 mm long, but occasionally almost zero. Bracts are pubescent and linear, with extremely short pedicels. The calyx is pubescent and split more than half the way down; the lobes are lanceolate, 2.5-3mm long, and quite sharp. ciliate. The lobes are 1cm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, often pubescent, and ciliolate; the corolla tube is about 1.3cm long, swollen, and pubescent near the tip. The corolla tube contains stamens; the filament is quite short, and the anthers are linear-oblong. Glabrous ovaries with four ovules per cell and a somewhat penicillated stigma at the tip.

Fruit length: 1.3–2.5cm. smooth, ellipsoid, with four or more seeds, and purple black when mature^10,47.

Traditional and Ethnomedicinal Uses:

Carissa carandas L. is used as a slimming diet and to treat acidity, gas, and poor digestion. The fresh plant's juice is applied to infected wounds that are resistant to healing. Diabetes ulcers are treated with root paste. According to the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, the root is used for urinary issues and the stem bark for stubborn skin conditions. Root extract in alcohol has hypotensive properties. Cardioactive chemicals are produced by roots; glucoside of odoroside H is responsible for the cardiotonic action.^11,49,50,

The root is anthelmintic. According to Ayurveda, the fruit is sour and delicious, heals biliousness and "kapha" and blood impurities, calms thirst, and, when ripe, cools down to ease "vata" and biliousness. According to Yunani, the fruit has astringent, sour, and bitter properties; it also reduces thirst and biliousness, aids in mental disorders, induces indigestion, makes one drowsy, and reduces sexual potency. Fruit that is ripe is cooling, whereas unripe fruit is astringent helpful for bilious problems and dryness. According to a number of medical officials, the fruit contains antiscorbutic qualities. It is said that the root is a bitter stomachic. In Konkan, it is mashed with lime juice, horse urine, and camphor to relieve itching. In Cuttack, the leaves' decoction is often utilized when recurrent fever first appears^10,51,55.

Medicinal Applications:⁶

Digestive Health: Used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation.

Cardiovascular Benefits: Believed to reduce blood pressure and improve circulation.

Antipyretic and Analgesic: Used for fever and pain relief.

Anti-infective: Traditionally used for skin infections and wounds.

Cultural Significance:

Carissa carandas is used extensively in many areas as a natural coloring agent and to make chutneys and pickles. It is a popular choice for agroforestry and residential gardens because of its hardiness. The most common application for the fruit is as a cherry replacement in cakes, puddings, and other recipes. Like traditional candied murabba, it is frequently seen in the market in bottled form as processed, pitted cherries. In India during the British colonial era, the fruit was also used to produce syrups, jams, and jellies^12,52,53.

Nutritional Value:

The fruits are a useful addition to functional meals and beverages since they are low in calories but abundant in fiber, vitamin C, and bioactive chemicals¹³.

Industrial and Commercial Applications:¹⁴

Food Industry: Fruits are turned into drinks, jams, and jellies. They are a popular element in culinary recipes because of their inherent acidity and vivid color.
Pharmaceutical Industry: The application of Carissa carandas standardized extracts in dietary supplements and medicinal formulations is being investigated.
Cosmetics and Skincare: Natural skincare products make use of Carissa carandas antibacterial and antioxidant qualities.

Phytochemistry:

Plants include phenolic compounds, triterpenoids (Ursolic acid, betulinic acid), flavonoids (Quercetin, kaempferol), reducing sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, glycosides, tannins, sterols, Vitamin C, iron, and calcium, alkaloids (Carissone, epimeric mixtures), and phenols (Gallic acid, caffeic acid).

Leaves: Carissic acid, Carissic acid methyl ester, Carissic acid monoacetate, Carandinol, betulinic acid.

Fruits: Lupeol, Carissol, Rutin, Epicatechin, Epicatechin gallate, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Piceatannol, Resveratrol, syringic acid, vanilic acid, p-coumaric acid caffeic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, scopoletin, l-Ascorbic acid, Volatile compounds like Carisson, Carindone.

Seeds: Eicosanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, Potassium, Fatty acids such as Linoleic acid, Oleic acid, Palmitic acid and Stearic acid.

Roots: Lupeol, 16b-Hydroxybetulinic acid, Ursolic acid, Urs-12-ene-3b,22b-diol, 1,2,4-Butanetriol,2,3-bis[(4-dimethoxyphenyl) methyl]-1,4-diacetate. 1,2,4-Butanetriol,2,3-bis[(4-aetyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1,4-diacetate Me ursolate, alpha-amyrin, oleanolic acid, carindone, Carissone, carinol, 4,40-dimethylcarinol,bita-sitosterol, sitostero glucoside, Cholest-5-en-3b-ol, Salicylic acid, Cardiac glycosides, scopoletin,4 amino-1-(4-amino-2oxo-1(2H)-pyrimidiny)-1,4-dideoxy-b-d-glucopyranuronic acid, Cholest-5-en-3b-ol.

Flower: Nerolidol, Farnesol, Camphene, Menthol. p-Cymene, alpha-Terpineol, Piperitone, Citronellal, Linalool, Neryl acetate, Geranyl acetate, beta-Ionone, Neryl acetate, Dihydrojasmone^{7,8,15,16,17,18,54}

Pharmacological activities reported:

Sr. No.	Pharmacological Activity	Description	Reference
1	Antidiarrheal	A study evaluated the antidiarrheal effects of ethanolic fruit (EFC) and root (ERC) extracts of Carissa carandas at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg. Both extracts significantly reduced the total number of wet feces compared to the standard drug, loperamide (5mg/kg). Additionally, the ethanol fractions of both plant parts decreased the propulsion of charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract when compared to atropine sulfate as the standard drug. The highest doses of both plant part extracts exhibited effects similar to those of the standard drugs, indicating the plant's antidiarrheal properties	19
2	Anthelmintic	Study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of Carissa carandas fruit extracts against Pheretima posthuma using petroleum ether, ethanol, and chloroform solvents at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150mg/mL. The study found that the fruit extracts induced paralysis and death in the earthworms, with the petroleum ether extract exhibiting the most potent activity. These findings suggest that Carissa carandas fruit extracts possess significant anthelmintic property.	20
3	Antineoplastic, Cytotoxic and antioxidant	A study evaluated the methanolic leaf extract of Carissa carandas (MLCC) for its antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antineoplastic properties. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 10.5±1.2μg/ml in the DPPH assay and 1.75±0.3μg/ml in the ABTS assay, comparable to L-ascorbic acid. In vitro, MLCC reduced the viability of colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines (SW-480 and SW-48) in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, administering MLCC at 25 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in viable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell count, thereby increasing the lifespan of EAC-bearing mice. Additionally, MLCC treatment restored hematological parameters, such as red and white blood cell counts, to normal levels. The extract was rich in polyphenols, and GC-MS analysis identified compounds previously reported to possess anticancer and cytotoxic activities.	21
4	Antinociceptive, Anthelmintic and cytotoxic	A study evaluated the methanol leaf extract of Carissa carandas L. for antinociceptive, anthelmintic, and cytotoxic activities. The extract demonstrated significant antinociceptive effects in acetic acid-induced writhing tests and potent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma earthworms. Additionally, it exhibited moderate cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality assays.	22
5	Antioxidant and cytotoxic	A study evaluated the ethanolic and n-hexane leaf extracts of Carissa carandas for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. The ethanolic extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ of 1292μg/ml in DPPH free radical scavenging assays, outperforming the n-hexane extract (IC₅₀ of 1824μg/ml). However, both extracts exhibited no antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens, and the study did not report on their cytotoxic effects	23
6	Antioxidant	A study evaluated the antioxidant potential of fruit extracts from Artocarpus chaplasha and Carissa carandas obtained from Bangladesh. The extracts were prepared using various concentrations (50%, 70%, and pure) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water. Among the two fruits, C. carandas exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all solvents tested	24
7	Anti-Inflammatory,	In a study assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of Carissa carandas L. methanol extract on carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats, a 400mg/kg dose resulted in a 76.12% reduction in paw volume. GC-MS analysis identified eleven bioactive compounds in the extract.	25
7	Anti-Inflammatory,	A study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of Carissa carandas using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in Wistar albino rats. Both extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, with the methanol extract demonstrating greater potency.	26
8	Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic	The methanol extract of Carissa carandas leaves has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities in rodent models. In anti-inflammatory assessments, the extract at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight exhibited maximum inhibition of inflammation, with 72.10%, 71.90%, and 71.80% reductions in histamine, dextran, and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, respectively, at the end of 3hours. Regarding antipyretic activity, the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg orally showed a significant reduction in yeast-induced elevated temperature in a dose-dependent manner, with effects lasting up to 4 hours after administration.	27
9	Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities	Studies have demonstrated that both ethanol and aqueous extracts of Carissa carandas roots exhibit significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities in rodent models. At doses of 100 and 200mg/kg body weight, these extracts effectively reduced pain, inflammation, and fever. Notably, the ethanol extract at 100mg/kg body weight achieved a 72.67% inhibition of abdominal constriction in pain relief tests	28
10	Anticonvulsant	A study evaluated the anticonvulsant effects of ethanolic root extract of Carissa carandas (ERCC) in mice. Administered at doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg, ERCC significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by maximal electroshock. The 200 and 400mg/kg doses provided complete protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic–clonic seizures and delayed the onset of seizures induced by picrotoxin and N-methyl-dl-aspartic acid. However, ERCC did not affect seizures induced by bicuculline.	29
11	Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities	A study evaluated the antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of dichloromethane and methanolic extracts from both ripened and unripened Carissa carandas fruits. The ripened fruit extracts exhibited superior antioxidant properties compared to the unripened ones. Additionally, the ripened fruit extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity without showing cytotoxic effects on normal cells.	30
12	Hyperlipidemic	A study investigated the lipid-lowering effects of an aqueous extract of Carissa carandas in egg yolk-induced hyperlipidemic rats. The extract significantly reduced body weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, with results comparable to the standard drug, atorvastatin. Additionally, histopathological changes induced by a high-cholesterol diet were notably reduced with the extract.	31
13	Hepatoprotective	A study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of methanolic leaf extract of Carissa carandas in albino rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Biochemical parameters, including total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, SGPT, and SGOT, were analyzed, and histopathological studies were conducted. The results were compared with silymarin-treated animals.	32
13	Hepatoprotective	Ethanolic root extract of Carissa carandas (100, 200, and 400mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated significant hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. This was evidenced by a reduction in serum marker enzymes, bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation, alongside an increase in glutathione, uric acid, superoxide dismutase, and protein levels. These findings support the traditional use of C. carandas root extract for liver protection.	33
14	Haemolytic	A study evaluated the antioxidant and hemolytic properties of n-hexane root extract of Carissa carandas using various assays, including total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, and antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid system. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with TPC values ranging from 1.79 to 4.35 GAEmg/g dry extract, TFC values from 1.91 to 3.76 CEmg/g dry extract, and DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 values between 12.53% and 84.82%. Additionally, the extract demonstrated 41.0% to 89.21% inhibition of peroxidation in the linoleic acid system. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extract identified various compounds, suggesting its potential as a source of antioxidant agents for food industry applications.	34
15	Neuropharmacological and diuretic	A study evaluated the methanolic extract of Carissa carandas leaves for neuropharmacological and diuretic activities. The extract potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice and exhibited diuretic effects, with Na⁺/K⁺ excretion ratios of 1.46 and 1.43 at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, respectively, comparable to the standard drug furosemide (1.48)	35
16	Proteolytic	A study investigated the proteolytic activity of Carissa carandas and Tabernaemontana divaricata by extracting protease enzymes using the freeze–thaw method. The crude enzymes exhibited dose-dependent caseinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, blood, and plasma clot activities. Specifically, the protease from C. carandas (CCP1) demonstrated significant fibrinogenolytic activity, while the protease from T. divaricata (TDP4) exhibited notable blood clot activity.	36
17	Cardiotonic	The ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas roots has been studied for its cardiovascular effects. Research indicates that this extract possesses cardiotonic activity and can lower blood pressure. A study reported that a dose of 45mg/kg administered intraperitoneally resulted in a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure by approximately 50.75%, along with a reduction in heart rate frequency.	37
18	Antimalarial	Study evaluated the antimalarial activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts from the leaves, stem bark, and fruit of Carissa carandas against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. The methanolic extracts exhibited promising antimalarial activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 13.57 to 69.63 μg/mL, while the aqueous extracts showed IC₅₀ values between 41.52 and >100μg/mL. Additionally, the study found no cytotoxicity in the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line at the maximum tested dose.	38
19	Anti-ulcer	A study evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of various extracts of Carissa carandas—petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, and aqueous—using models such as acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, pylorus ligation, and ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcers. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of all extracts enhanced the healing of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers. Among these, the alcoholic extract exhibited significant activity in pylorus ligation and stress-induced ulcers, indicating its potent anti-ulcer properties	39
20	Antidiabetic	Study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of Carissa carandas by administering methanol extracts and their ethyl acetate fractions to alloxan-induced diabetic rats. They observed significant reductions in blood glucose levels, with the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrating a 64.5% decrease at a dose of 400mg/kg after 24hours. The enhanced antidiabetic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction is attributed to partial purification during fractionation, which increased the degree of polymerization and concentration of secondary metabolites	40
20	Antidiabetic	Study evaluated the effects of aqueous extracts of Carissa carandas on alloxan-induced and normoglycemic Wistar rats. They administered doses of 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg orally and found that the 250mg/kg dose did not significantly alter blood glucose levels compared to untreated controls. However, the 500 and 1000mg/kg doses resulted in significant reductions in blood glucose levels after 4, 8, and 24hours. In normoglycemic rats, the 1000mg/kg dose significantly decreased blood glucose levels at 8 and 24 hours.	41
21	Antimicrobial	The ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas fruit exhibits significant antibacterial activity against various bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, it demonstrates notable anticandidal effects	42
22	Antibacterial and antifungal activity	A study evaluated the in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of methanol and petroleum ether extracts from unripe roots and fruits of Carissa carandas using disc diffusion and turbidity methods. The methanolic extracts exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichophyton azoli, with results comparable to the standard antifungal agent, fluconazole. However, the extracts demonstrated only moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, and Vibrio holera, with efficacy similar to that of the standard antibacterial agent, ciprofloxacin.	43
23	Anti-aging, antioxidant, and skin whitening	In this study, the potential of Carissa carandas Linn. as a natural anti-aging, antioxidant, and skin whitening agent was studied. Various parts of C. carandas, including fruit, leaf, seed, and pulp were sequentially extracted by maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively	44
24	Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory	The aqueous fruit extract of Carissa carandas (CCA) demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin resistance effects by reducing nitric oxide production, improving glucose uptake, and lowering glycerol release in vitro. In vivo, 12-week supplementation (400mg/kg BW/day) improved glycemic control, reduced visceral fat and blood lipids, and protected pancreatic β-cell function in a type 2 diabetic rat model, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for T2DM.	45

CONCLUSION:

Carissa carandas Linn holds immense potential as a source of bioactive compounds, food, and medicine. However, systematic research is essential to unlock its full potential and establish its place in modern industries. The integration of traditional knowledge with scientific advancements could pave the way for sustainable utilization and economic growth. The ongoing exploration of Launaea sarmentosa's phytochemistry and biological activities provides valuable insights into its potential applications in modern medicine, offering opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to validate its clinical efficacy.

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Received on 25.06.2025 Revised on 14.08.2025

Accepted on 21.09.2025 Published on 08.10.2025

Available online from October 17, 2025

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2025; 15(4):363-369.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2025.00053

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Traditional and Ethnomedicinal Uses:

Medicinal Applications:6

Nutritional Value:

Industrial and Commercial Applications:14

Medicinal Applications:⁶

Industrial and Commercial Applications:¹⁴